12.5.1.2  create a simple expert system

Expert system on declarative language

An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert.

Key terms used in Expert systems

A fact is a basic assertion about a specific relationship or property in the problem domain.

A fact is a small portion of important information. Facts on their own are of very limited use.

A rule is a conditional statement that defines a relationship based on other facts or rules.

A query is a question asked to the system to determine if certain facts or rules are satisfied.

Prolog

Prolog (Programming in Logic) is a high-level language rooted in formal logic. It’s particularly known for its use in artificial intelligence, natural language processing, and computational linguistics.

Key Concepts of Prolog:

1. Facts: These are basic assertions about some relationships or properties. They state unconditionally true things. For example:

   parent(john, mary).

2. Rules: These are conditional assertions that describe relationships between facts. They are defined using implications. For example:

   grandparent(X, Y) :- parent(X, Z), parent(Z, Y).

   This rule states that X is a grandparent of Y if X is a parent of Z and Z is a parent of Y.

3. Queries: A query is a way to ask the system whether certain conditions are met based on the facts and rules provided. For example:

   ?- grandparent(john, Y).

   This asks Prolog to find all Y such that John is the grandparent of Y.

4. Backtracking: Prolog uses a mechanism called backtracking to systematically search through possible solutions to queries. If Prolog hits a dead end while solving a problem, it goes back and tries a different path.

Note: pay attention to the syntax of the language

Task: Create an expert system for the next family tree

https://swish.swi-prolog.org/ 

Facts

male(kanat).
male(azamat).
...
female(alya).
female(umit).
...
parent(kanat, umit).
parent(kanat, azamat).
...

Rules

father(X, Y):-parent(X, Y), male(X).
...

Complete the task.

Queries:

male(kanat).  //True
male(alya).  //False
parent(kanat, umit). //true 
parent(marat, umit).  //false 
father(kanat, X).     // X = umit     X = azamat

Additionally, Learn Prolog Now!

Questions:

1. Give definitions for the terms "expert system", "fact" and "rule".
2. Explain features of the declarative programming paradigm.

Exercises:

Ex. 1 "Create an expert system in Prolog"

Write an expert system for the next family tree:

Create five queries.

Ex. 2 "Analyze Prolog program"

Answer the questions and fill in the blanks using the source.

Ex. 3

Answer the questions and fill in the blanks using the source.

Exam questions:

Worksheet